Pill+Coating+Study


 * Topic || Creating Snow ||
 * Chemistry Concept || Forming snow crystals with varying spray nozzles and observing the variation of the crystals ||
 * Hypothesis || To observe artificial snow making, and to measure the snow type, snow quality, and the amount of snow produced. ||
 * Journal Articles || Libbrtch, K. (2005). The physics of snow crystals . //Report on Progress of Physics//, 41. Retrieved from http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/publist/rpp5_4_R03.pdf

Journal Citations Grant

Henderson, D. E., & Henderson, S. K. (2008). Acidity of machine-made snow and its effect on pH and aluminum speciation in New England streams during spring thaw. //Chemistry &//, //24//(5), 305-313. doi:10.1080/02757540802334173

[]

Tropeano, P. (1972). Meathod and apparatus for making snow. //United States Patents//, //19//(19), 8. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/patents/US3761020?dq=Making Snow

http://www.google.com/patents/US3761020?dq=Making+Snow ||
 * Apparatus and Chemicals needed || Free plan given by [|Snow at Home]

SG T-Type (Internal mix)



materials needed for build:
2. Attach SG T T-Type to the water to post and measure angle. 3. Connect air source and water source. 4.record humidity and air temperature. 5. open valve to start internal mix of air pressure and water. 6. record production time once snow is developing ||
 * 1) ¼” cap - QTY 1
 * 2) 6” x nipple - QTY 1
 * 3) ¼” x Tee - QTY 1
 * 4) ¼” x 90 DEG street elbow - QTY 1
 * 5) ¼” close nipple - QTY 1
 * 6) ¼” mini ball valve - QTY 1
 * 7) 2” x nipple - QTY 1
 * 8) ¼”female x ½”male bushing - QTY 1
 * 9) ½”female to Garden - QTY 1
 * 10) Quick connect air fitting
 * 11) 7/64 drill bit
 * 12) One roll of Teflon tape ||
 * Procedure || 1. Setup equipment to preform the experiment outside
 * Safety Information and Chemicals needed || We will need a water source that with a hose can reach outside. An air compressor or a pressure washer. A microscope with a camera attached to it to capture the snow flakes. A Light absorbing surface that snow flakes can land on. A thermometer and a humidity sensor. ||
 * Other Information || *very Cheap to build
 * a great solution for snow-less Minnesota winters ||

Project # 2

(2010). // Generic drugs vs brand name //. (2010). [Print Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.mint.com/blog/trends/the-rip-brand-vs-generic-drugs/
 * Topic || Difference of Generic Ibuprofen and name brand Advil Pill Coating ||
 * Chemistry Concept || Legally for a pill to be considered generic it must have identical active ingredients but have a different appearance than the name brand drug. The generic and name brand vary in terms of their inactive ingredients which often include coloring and ingredients that make up the pill’s coating which effects how the pill is dissolved in the body. Because of the immense variation between generic’s a lot of confusion and controversy between the value and effectiveness of generic drugs. This lab aims at testing the inactive ingredients when first administered into body fluids and the difference dissolving that the generic and name brand pills have. ||
 * Hypothesis || The generic and name brand pills will dissolve similarly in each substance but the generic brand pills will have more inactive ingredients and more of an opportunity to cause complications in the dissolving process. ||
 * Journal Articles || [[image:VSGenerics7.jpg width="300" height="2142"]]

"how fast do pain killers dissolve?" []

"Are generic drugs equal to brand name drugs?" []

"Generic versus bran name ibuprofen" []

"Advil" [] ||
 * Apparatus and Chemicals needed || -A bunts and burner to heat HCl to 98.6 degrees F

-Thermometer

-Advil

-Up and Up Ibuprofen

-Walgreens Ibuprofen

-Stop Watch

-Camera

-Test tube rack with 12 test tubes

Three test tubes of each of the following:

-0.01 moler HCL with a PH 1 (deluded by water) http://spa-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Impact+of+Acid%2C+Salivary+Amylase+and+Water+on+Pill+Coat

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">-10ml of Salivary Amylase <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">http://spa-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Impact+of+Acid%2C+Salivary+Amylase+and+Water+on+Pill+Coating

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">-0.01 moler HCL with PH 1 (deluded by water) heated to 98.6 degrees F <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">[]

-Distilled Water ||
 * Procedure || 1. Create 60 ml of 0.01 moler HCl with a PH of 1 http://spa-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Impact+of+Acid%2C+Salivary+Amylase+and+Water+on+Pill+Coat

2. Fill 6 separate test tubes with 10ml of the HCl

3. Fill 3 test tubes with 10ml of salivary amylase

4. Fill 3 test tubes with distilled water

5. Collect 12 test tubes and test tube rack

6. Record in a chart the appearance, inactive ingredients, active ingredients and any other differences between the Tylenol and two different generic acetaminophen

7. Test each solute one by one

a. Record time each pill’s outer layer takes to dissolve

b. Record time each pill takes to fully dissolve

c. Record appearance and other reaction of pills dissolving

8. When testing heated HCL test over a bunts and burner

a. Keep over bunts and burner heated at a steady temp until pill dissolves ||
 * Safety Information and Chemicals needed || **<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">MSDS link to each chemical: **


 * <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">[|"Ibuprfen"] **

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">**[|"HCl"]**

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">**[|"Salivary Amylase"]**

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;">[|"Distilled Water"] || How to generic and name brand drugs affect the body differently if at all? ||
 * Other Information || How much to generic and name brand drugs vary and is there any reason to spend more for the name brand?


 * Abstract ||  || ** Difference between dissolving rates of Generic Ibuprofen and name brand Advil Pill Coating. Grant Whitaker & Ellen Swenson. ** The purpose of the experiment was to test the speed at which the pill coating dissolved under three different sets of conditions. The first was Distilled water at 22 oC, the second was hydrochloric acid at 22 oC, and the third was hydrochloric acid at 37 oC. Three different types of pills, Up & Up ibuprofen, Walgreen brand ibuprofen, and Advil, were tested in the solutions, and their rates of dissolving were monitored using a stop watch. Pictures were also taken of the dissolving process to analyze at a later time. The heat affected the rate at which the pills dissolved, causing the reaction to happen faster. Additionally, the pills placed in the HCl dissolved at a faster rate than the pills placed in distilled water. It was found that Up & Up was the slowest, and the Walgreen brand dissolved the fastest. Based on this information, it was concluded that the presence of acid and heat increase the rate of dissolving. This could help determine how quickly the pills are available to be absorbed into the blood stream within the body. However, it is unknown how the rate of dissolving affects the rate of absorption, so this would be a good subject for further experiments.

**Keywords: ibuprofen, Advil, rate of dissolving, hydrochloric acid, pill coating, Pharmacokinetics, Solute** ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The many options of painkillers available can often be confusing. One may wonder if spending the extra two dollars for the name brand version of their drug is worth it. The Generic Pharmaceutical Administration states, in the U.S 2.6 billion prescriptions are generic versus only 1.2 billion prescriptions that are name brand (Generic). Why? Because generic brands are believed to be identical to name brand drugs with significantly lower costs. Scientific American Magazine identifies the legal differences between generic and name brand drugs from a few key similarities: the drug must have the same active ingredients, the same dosage form, and the same method for administrations while the key differences are: the drugs inactive ingredients and appearance must differ as well as being produced after the expiration of the name brand’s patented (Erik). The inactive ingredient in generic and name brand painkillers makes up the tablets coating and binders. The FDA claims to evaluate and guarantee that generic drugs have the same bioequivalence as name brands within 4%. While the legal terms seem clear cut there is in fact much dispute regarding the bioequivalence and efficacy of generic drugs (Generic). Online, many websites such as Wallstats.com strongly favor that the difference between generic drugs and name brand drugs is inconsequential to its effectiveness and are all around more sensible regarding price (Wallstats.com). However others websites such as CNN.com propose that generic drugs are not as similar to name brand as the FDA claims. Dr. Sanjay, a reporter for CNN Health, reports that there has been significant research that suggests a difference in bioequivalence in generic versus name brand drugs (Dr. Sanjay). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Online, there seems no singular or concrete answer the difference between generic painkillers and name brand painkillers. The lab, The Difference of Generic Ibuprofen and Name Brand Advil Pill Coating attempts to clarify this question. It compares the differentiating factors of generic versions of Advil and two different generic versions of Advil. The lab looks at the affects that the differing inactive ingredients may have. The lab tests the affects of the inactive ingredients though testing the dissolution of the tablets coating and binders. The lab examines within the drug the rate in which the tablet dissolves in order to evaluative the tablets effectiveness and to determine if the brand is has a superior affect. The Difference of Generic Ibuprofen and name brand Advil Pill Coating’s purpose is to closely examines the coating and dissolving of Advil, and two generic, Up and Up ibuprofen, and Walgreens ibuprofen in H2O, HCl(to mimic stomach acid), and HCl heated at 98.6 degrees F (mimic stomach acid at stomach acids temperature within the body). The Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences states that Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and must dissolve and absorb quickly in the body in order to quickly and effetely relieve pain (Saffoon). Medscape’s article on Comparative Pharmacokinetics or Oral Ibuprofen Formulation also states that ibuprofen is a relatively weak acid and its solubility in water and PH’s is low so Ibuprofen is slowly absorbed into the body (Clin drug). Pharmacokinetics is a relatively young area of research and the question of how tablet’s coating and binders can aid pain relievers such as Advil and its generics is a very pertinent question. The hypothesis of The Difference of Generic Ibuprofen and name brand Advil Pill Coating is that the generic and name brand pills will dissolve similarly in each substance but the generic brand pills will have more inactive ingredients and more of an opportunity to cause complications in the dissolving process. || In the lab, The Difference of Generic Ibuprofen and name brand Advil Pill Coating generic and name brand forms of the pain-reliever, Advil and generic Ibuprofen tablets were devolved in liquids to represent the affects of the release of the inactive ingredients that vary between the three that make up the tablets’ coating. Advil tablets, Up and Up Ibuprofen tablets, and Walgreens Ibuprofen tablets were dissolved in 10ml of distilled water, 2moler HCl at room temperature, and 2moler HCl at body temperature which is 37 degrees Celsius. Dissolving took place in labeled test tube and was timed with a stop watch. The lab focused on the observation of two key points in the dissolving process: when the pill coating is fully dissolved and when the pill itself is entirely dissolved. The definition used for the pills coating being dissolved when it is separated from the white and the pill being fully dissolved is when the majority of the white substance inside the pill is visible. To heat HCl evenly three test tubes (one trial at a time) were placed in a heating bath to over 37 degrees Celsius and then let cooled to 37 degrees C. The tablets were then administered and timed to dissolve. The temperature was again taken midway through the trial and after. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">In the hypothesis of The Difference of Generic Ibuprofen and Name Brand Advil Pill Coating was that the generic and name brand tablets would dissolve similarly in each substance but generic tablets will have more inactive ingredients and more of an opportunity to cause complications in the dissolving process. While some evidence does from the lab does support that name brand tablets of Advil may be preferable to generic the reasons why were unexpected. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Immediately within the first trial of dissolving Advil, Up and Up Ibuprofen, and Walgreen Ibuprofen (Trial 1.1) it was clear that the three brands reacted very differently. Advil was reacted the most blatantly different. Its coating appeared to come off at a constant rate and the coating was suspended in the water as the coating progressively thinned. After nine minutes the active ingredients beneath the coating erupted suddenly out of the tablet similarly to how a volcano’s lava would erupt. Once the Advil was dissolved the substance below the tablet’s coating appeared the most purely white and most reactive with the water. When the averages of the Trials 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 were taken Walgreens ended up dissolving significantly faster in both the coating and full dissolution at 1.90 min and 9.98 min but did not have the same physical properties that the Advil tablet did when it dissolved. The Advil tablet ended up coming in second (regarding times) at 6.67 min and 9.98 min but has a significantly more spread out and pure dissolution than either Up and Up Ibuprofen or Walgreens Ibuprofen. In comparison to the others, Up and Up Ibuprofen reacted slower at 8.67 for time for tablet coating to dissolve. Although distilled water does not mimic a solute that Ibuprofen would, because Ibuprofen is relatively weak acid it breaks down in PH’s such as HCl (stomach acid) as it does with water which is slow. Within these first three trials it became pertinent that how the tablet’s coating and tablet’s whole physically dissolved such as surface area could have more of an impact than time alone. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Trial’s 2.1-2.3 the solution the tablets dissolved in was room temperature 2 molar HCl. Trials 2.1-2.3 demonstrated the results that were most expected for the lab to yield. In comparison to the generic brand Ibuprofens, Advil reacted similarly to how it did in the first trial. Advil was the fastest to dissolve for both tablet coating and fully dissolving at 3.12 minutes and 8.6 minutes. More importantly how Advil reacted was significantly different. The Advil tablet dissolved similarly to how it did in distilled water but after it dissolved the white substance (the active ingredients) of the Advil tablet were reacting very actively with the HCl. At 8.67 minutes the white and orange tablet coating were completely separated with the very pure white substance on top. The white substance became fluffy, spread out and reactivate immediately after it was fully dissolved at 8.67 minutes. The Walgreens tablet has some reaction but the Up and Up had little no none. As the Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences explains, it is very important for pain relieving drugs such as Ibuprofen to dissolve quickly in order to be absorbed in the blood stream and relieve pain more quickly. Trials 2.1-2.3 showed that the name brand Ibuprofen, Advil not only dissolved significantly quicker than its generic but in a more spread out and active manner. Although the lab did not test enough variables to use Pharmacokinetics calculations such as Frick’s Law and Noyes-Whitney Equation which calculate the efficacy and characteristics of tablets absorption, they support that an increased surface area increases the rate of reaction (Clarck). Trials 2.1-2.3 demonstrated how Ibuprofen tablets would dissolve in a substance that mimics stomach acid and suggested that Advil may release quicker in the body and have more surface area once dissolved which would increase its reaction rate. The data from trials 3.1-3.3 were more difficult to interpret due to many factors mainly difficulty in isolating constants. The test tubes used for trials 3.1-3.3, 19-30, were meant to mimic the 2 molar HCl inside of the stomach at the temperature in which the acid inside the stomach is at. The test tubes however could not be maintained at the temperature 37 degrees C throughout the entire time the tablets dissolved. Over the course of the dissolution of the Ibuprofen tablets in the HCl the temperature dropped from 37 degrees C to 33 degrees C in trial 3.1 and to 32 degrees in trials 3.2-3.3. The dropping of temperature made it more difficult to determine how the temperature was affecting the different brands differently because of its failure to remain at 37 degrees C. Never less, the results were similar to that of distilled water and HCl at room temperature. In terms of dissolving at times, Wagreens fully dissolved the fastest at an average of 2.91 minutes, Up and Up at 3.80 minutes, and then Advil at 6.64 minutes. Although the data was questionable and Advil’s average time between trials 3.1-3.4 to fully dissolve was the slowest again, Advil demonstrated a more pure, even, and well distributed dissolution than Walgreens or Up and Up Ibuprofen. While the Up and Up and Walgreens tablets both had small and isolated bubbles early on, the Advil tablet slowly dissolved evenly and pure white. Again, Advil was more reactive than the generic brands. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Although this lab mainly tested the time for Ibuprofen tablets to dissolve in various solutions and did not test or compare other physical aspects of Ibuprofen dissolving it did yield data that allows an inference to be made from the data as a conclusion to the lab. While Advil and Walgreens were comparable in times the physical properties of Advil dissolving in all three solutions was superior to those of the generic brands. In trial 2.1 and the Walgreens tablet recorded as clumping while in the same trial the Advil tablet was more spread out and had more surface area. The Pharmacokinetics equations for the absorption of a tablet such as Fick’s Law and Noyes-Whitney Equation involve many variables including rate and surface but also variables such as concentration time, thickness of diffusion layers ect. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">From the observations and comparsions of Advil, Up & Up Ibuprofen, and Walgreens Ibuprofen times and physical properties when dissolving it can be inferred that Advil, the name brand version of Ibuprofen may be deliver better and quicker results for reliving pain. ||
 * Introduction || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Introduction of The Difference of Generic Ibuprofen and name brand Advil Pill Coating **
 * Methods || Method and Materials:
 * Results || [[file:Graph.xlsx]] ||
 * Discussion || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Discussion
 * Citations || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Dr. Sanjay Gupta. (June 4, 2009). Are generic drugs equal to brand name products?. In CNN Health. Retrieved Feburary 27, 2012, from [].

(2010). // Generic drugs vs brand name //. (2010). [Print Photo].Retrieved from http://www.mint.com/blog/trends/the-rip-brand-vs-generic-drugs/

How fast do painkillers dissolve?. (n.d.). //How fast do painkillers dissolve?//. Retrieved March 6, 2012, from http://www.cruftbox.com/cruft/docs/dissolve.html

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Erik Mogalian. (December 13, 2004). What's the difference between brand-name and generic prescription drugs?. In Scientific American. Retrieved Feburary 27, 2012, from []. ||

-Advil lettering -Round -shinny -bottle contains no cotton |||||| -Red tint -Round -bottle contains no cotton -G2 stamped on pill |||||| -red tint -round -bottle contains cotton ball -44291 stamped on pill || -crusts at 24 seconds -slow - |||||| -clay like figure -crusty like rock -holding form -stated really dissolving at 9:00 |||||| -white crystals -lava lamp -pushing partials upside down ||
 * Trial 1: Solute Distilled Water |||||| Advil |||||| Up & Up ibuprofen |||||| Walgreens ibuprofen ||
 * Test tube # || 1 || 4 || 9 || 2 || 5 || 8 || 3 || 6 || 7 ||
 * Weight of Tablet (g) || 0.44g || 0.48g || 0.47g || 0.31g || 0.31g || 0.32g || 0.34g || 0.33g || 0.34g ||
 * Observation of pill before entered into solute |||||| -Red
 * Time for tablet coating to dissolve: || 1:00 || 9:57 || 9:45 || 3:10 || 8:52 || 8:50 || 1:30 || 1:30 || 1:30 ||
 * Time for full tablet to dissolve: || 9:00 || 10:45 || 10:50 || 23:00 || 23:00 || 20:06 || 5:30 || 3:30 || 4:06 ||
 * Observation of tablet dissolving: |||||| -bubbles up more
 * Temperature of Solute: || 22C || 21C || 21C || 22C || 21C || 21C || 22C || 21C || 21C ||

-Advil lettering -Round -shinny -bottle contains no cotton |||||| -Red tint -Round -bottle contains no cotton -G2 stamped on pill |||||| -red tint -round -bottle contains cotton ball -44291 stamped on pill || -chunks of white puff |||||| -more immediate dissolving effects -6:49 up – crack Doesn’t fully dissolve |||||| -6:32 coating coming off -16:07 red ora -18:32 holds clump ||
 * Trial 2: Solute 2 Molar HCL at room Temperature |||||| Advil |||||| Up & Up ibuprofen |||||| Walgreens ibuprofen ||
 * Test tube # || 10 || 13 || 16 || 11 || 14 || 17 || 12 || 15 || 18 ||
 * Weight of Tablet (g) || 0.47g || 0.45g || 0.48g || 0.32g || 0.31g || 0.32g || 0.34g || 0.33g || 0.34g ||
 * Observation of pill before entered into solute |||||| -Red
 * Time for tablet coating to dissolve: || 1:40 || 1:00 || 1:03 || x || 6:49 || 5:45 || 4:32 || 6:32 || 3:45 ||
 * Time for full tablet to dissolve: || 5:25 || 8:32 || 11:34 || 6:23 || x || 12:30 || 5:47 || 9:00 || 9:54 ||
 * Observation of tablet dissolving: |||||| -explosive white popped at 6:08
 * Temperature of Solute: || 19C || 19C || 19C || 19C || 19C || 19C || 19C || 19C || 19C ||

-Advil lettering -Round -shinny -bottle contains no cotton |||||| -Red tint -Round -bottle contains no cotton -G2 stamped on pill |||||| -red tint -round -bottle contains cotton ball -44291 stamped on pill ||
 * Trial 3: Solute 2 Molar HCL at 96.8F – 37C |||||| Advil |||||| Up & Up ibuprofen |||||| Walgreens ibuprofen ||
 * Test tube # || 19 || 22 || 25 || 20 || 23 || 26 || 21 || 24 || 27 ||
 * Weight of Tablet (g) || 0.47g || 0.47g || 0.47g || 0.31g || 0.30g || 0.31g || 0.33g || 0.34g || 0.33g ||
 * Observation of pill before entered into solute |||||| -Red
 * Time for tablet coating to dissolve: || .14 || 1:30 || .11 || 1:30 || 3:11 || 1.35 || .56 || .42 || .35 ||
 * Time for full tablet to dissolve: || 7:41 || 4:25 || 6:22 || 3:15 || 4:20 || 3:13 || 1:08 || x || 1:00 ||
 * Observation of tablet dissolving: |||||| Slow dissolve |||||| 3:15-35C speedy to dissolve |||||| Explosion ||
 * Temperature of Solute: || 33C || 33C || 33C || 33C || 33C || 33C || 33C || 33C || 33C ||