Simulation+of+Electrolyte+Absorption

media type="file" key="Description of Lab.wav" width="300" height="50" Abstract:

THE GROWTH OF //DAPHNIA// AND THE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTE ABSORPTION ON CELLULAR RESPIRATION. Jeremy Tong. The purpose of this lab was to grow //Daphnia// organisms and sustain them in a monitored solution and also to observe the effect of electrolyte absorption on the function of a Daphnia’s heart. To accomplish this, the experiment was split into two specific parts, the first of which was in sustaining a living population of //Daphnia//, and the second was creating an electrolyte solution that would affect but not kill the //Daphnia//. In the first part of the experiment, it was determined that smaller 1.0 L containers with a food source of yeast yielded the best results in the survival of the //Daphnia//. The results of the first part of the experiment support the fact that //Daphnia// respond sensitively to their environment, and helped reinforce the results of the second part of the experiment. In the second part of this experiment, solutions of different molarity of potassium nitrate were dropped along with a //Daphnia// in a Petri dish. Solutions above .1 molar concentrations caused the //Daphnia// to die within five minutes. However, the solutions did not have any notable effect on the //Daphnia// heartbeat. The only concentration in which //Daphnia// survived greater than the five minutes allotted was when a .05 Molar Solution was used. Coming back to the lab in May, more data was collected using a .05 and .075 Molar solution. The trend of a drastic heartbeat increase at the initial adding of the solution, followed by a slow increase, and then an abrupt death was found in multiple tests across Daphnia of different sizes. Because it was discovered that potassium ions in the heart lower heart rate by blocking calcium channels, an explanation of the trend found in Daphnia could be attributed to the attempt to maintain homeostasis. The Daphnia swam around frantically to increase its heartrate to counteract the forces of the potassium ions, but this coping mechanism was eventually overcome as the Daphnia heart rate gradually increased, and then abruptly stopped. The point of the Daphnia death was perhaps the result of the Daphnia not being able to maintain homeostasis and transfer oxygen throughout its body. Thus, electrolytes do not truly benefit the cellular respiration in //Daphnia// in higher concentrations of ions, and perhaps do not reflect electrolyte absorption affects on the human.

//Daphnia //, Electrolyte Absorption, Cellular Respiration, Diffusion across Membrane

Figure 1: Daphnia Containers
 * [[image:426763_3162800876362_1455563435_2989136_1635479059_n.jpg width="256" height="192"]]

Container 1: 1.0 L yeast solution || 

Container 2: yeast + algae 10 L Solution || Container 3: 1.0 L algae Solution ||  ||
 * [[image:431999_3162803356424_1455563435_2989137_1343712767_n.jpg width="256" height="192"]]

Figure 2: Dissecting Microscope

Figure 3: Daphnia under Microscope



Table 1: Heartbeat of //Daphnia// and Observations 5 min = 0 || Dead || //Daphnia // still seems as irritated and jolts similarly to //Daphnia// in 1.0 M solution || 2 min = 180 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">5 min = Dead || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dead || //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Daphnia //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> is irritated and dies, heartbeat does not change after solution is added || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min after = 159 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">5 min after = 159 bpm || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alive || //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Daphnia //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> seems less irritated and survives for five minutes while submerged in solution. Heartbeat does not show any major changes throughout || Table 2: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">May Data on Daphnia Heartrate <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"># || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Size of Daphnia || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Concentration of KNO3 Solution (M) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Heartbeat per Minute at 0 min || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Heartbeat after solution is added || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Time of Death (minute) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Observations || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min = 180 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">6 min = 174 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">10 min || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">1 min = swimming around frantically <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = swimming around frantically <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">3 min = <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">swimming around frantically <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min = Struggling less <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">6 min = Stopped Moving || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">3 min = 171 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">5 min || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">1 min = swimming around fast <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">3 min = kicking a lot, trying to move <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min = begins to move slower || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = moving faster || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">5 min = 176 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">- || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0 min = moving slowly/slugglish <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = visible sign of internal movement in the Daphnia – seems like digestion or babies || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min =156 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">6 min || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0 min = normal <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = not swimming much <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min = Seems subdued by environment || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min = 177 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">- || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0 min = normal <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = swimming frantically <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min = staying alive but is moving relatively fast || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min = 135 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">6 min || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0 min = Acting normal <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = Swimming normally, not frantic at all <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min = Struggling for movement, seems to be dying || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">3 min = Slowing down || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min =156 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">6 min || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = Swimming Frantically <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min = Very slow movement ||
 * || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Size of //Daphnia// || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Concentration of KNO3 Solution (M) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Heartbeat per Minute || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dead/Alive after five min || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Observations ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Control 1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Large || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">156 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alive || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Heartbeat is steady, //Daphnia// is relatively still ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Control 2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Large || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">162 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alive || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Heartbeat is steady, //Daphnia// is still ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Control 3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Small || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">195 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alive || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Heartbeat is quick and steady, //Daphnia// has minor movement ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Control 4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Small-Medium || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">180 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alive || //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Daphnia //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> moves slowly ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trial 1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Large || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.0 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">5 min = 0 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dead || //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Daphnia //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> appears extremely irritated and jolts back and forth under stress in solution ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trial 2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Medium || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0.1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = 198
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trial 3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Small || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0.1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Before = 183
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trial 4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Small || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0.05 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Before = 150
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Trial
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Large || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">.05 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">165 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">3 min = 183
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Medium || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">.05 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">- || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">1 min = 177
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Small || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">.05 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">189 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = 189 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">4 min || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0 min = moving/acting normal
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Large || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">.05 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">177 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = 180
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">5 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Small || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">.05 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">183 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = 171
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Small || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">.075 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">165 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = 171
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">7 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Small || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">.075 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">169 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = 153
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">8 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Very Small || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">.075 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">171 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">3 min = 177 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">5 min || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">0 min = Normal
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">9 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Medium Small || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">.05 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">183 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">2 min = 207

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">References:

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Shi, X., & Passe, D. H. (2010). Water and Solute Absorption From Carbohydrate- Electrolyte Solutions in the Human Proximal Small Intestine: A Review and Statistical Analysis. // International // <span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">University of Maryland. (2011, July 10). //Potassium//. Retrieved from http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/potassium-000320.htm