Biomedical+Adhesion

__**Abstract:**__


 * BIOMEDICAL ADHESION. Nick Zelle, Grace Albertson. **This lab was designed to test the strength and nature of several glues on a variety of surfaces to determine the ideal nature of adhesives for biomedical application. The surfaces used were intended to simulate cartilage and bone and were tested both rough and smooth. The ideal conditions for biomedical adhesion were inferred from the simulation of tissue. When finally tested on actual tissue from a rotisserie chicken, it was found that, in forming a successful bond, the nature of the surface is just as important as the nature of the glue. This is because there are certain properties of each glue (such as viscosity) that allow it to be most successful on a certain type of surface, and as these properties vary from glue to glue, each glue responds differently to the nature of each surface. Keywords: Elmer’s Glue, epoxy, epoxy resin, super glue, biomedical adhesion, viscosity, Duel-Range Force Sensor

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__Figure 1: __Duel-Range Force Sensor (Apparatus)



__Figure 6:__ Observations of Glues on Various Surfaces (Tissue Simulation)

*SP=Soft Plastic; HP=Hard Plastic; W=Wood __Figure 6:__ Observations of Glues on Various Surfaces (Tissue Simulation) *SP=Soft Plastic; HP=Hard Plastic; W=Wood Data collected after 24 hours of drying time.
 * || ** SP to SP (Rough) ** || ** SP to SP (Smooth) ** || ** HP to HP (Rough) ** || ** HP to HP (Smooth) ** || ** HP to SP (Smooth) ** || ** W to W (Rough) ** || ** W to W (Smooth) ** || ** Summary: ** ||
 * Lab- Created || Very weak. //Very// thin layer. Most evaporated. || Very weak. Glue crumbled. || Very weak. Air bubbles in glue. || Very weak. Many air bubbles in glue. || Did not bond. Glue seemed to evaporate. || Somewhat strong. Weaker than on smooth wood. || Somewhat strong. Thin layer. || Mostly weak. Somewhat strong on wood. Usually thin layer. ||
 * || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 3 || Average: 2 ||
 * Elmer’s || Very weak. Glue did not dry entirely. || Very weak. Glue crumbled. || Weak but holds. || Weak but holds. Thin layer. || Did not bond. || Stronger than on smooth wood. || // Very // strong. Thin layer. || Best on wood. Weak on plastics. Thin layers best. ||
 * || 2 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 6 || // 5 // || Average: 4 ||
 * Epoxy (uncured) || Not entirely dry. No bond. || Not entirely dry. No bond. || Not entirely dry. No bond. || Not entirely dry. No bond. || Not entirely dry. No bond. || Stronger than on smooth wood (if dry). || If dry, very strong. If still wet, weak but still holds. || Strong when dry. Only dries sometimes about (half of the trials). Thicker layer. ||
 * || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2wet/10 dry || 2wet/9dry || Average: 1/9 ||
 * Super Glue || Strong. Thin layer. || Somewhat strong. Thin layer. || Somewhat strong. Very thin layer. || Strong. Thin layer. || Somewhat strong. SP ripped when tested. || Very strong (bond could not be broken). || Very strong (bond could not be broken). || Strongest on wood. Thin layers best. ||
 * || 7 || 5 || 5 || 7 || 5 || 10 || 10 || Average: 9 ||

__Figure 2: Phase 2 Tests of Epoxy on Various Surfaces __
 * || **Amount of weight the glue could hold before breaking (Newtons) ** ||
 * **Hard plastic to hard plastic ** || # 1. 63,236.0 (not broken)
 * 1) 2. 63,236.0 (not broken) ||
 * **Hard plastic to soft plastic (curved edges) ** || # 1. 213.9
 * 1) 2. 300.0 ||
 * **Soft plastic to soft plastic ** || # 1. 300.0
 * 1) <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. 350.0 ||
 * **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cartilage to cartilage ** || # <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. 1,929.82 (had to get the breaking started first)
 * 1) <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. 1,899.3 ||
 * **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bone to cartilage ** || # <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. 40,003.55
 * 1) <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. 19,942.55 ||
 * **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bone to bone ** || # <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. 50,606.35
 * 1) <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. 34,672.02 ||
 * **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Popsicle stick to rough wood ** || # <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. 65,727.41
 * 1) <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. 46,871.27 (no residue left on either popsicle stick) ||
 * **<span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Popsicle stick to smooth wood ** || # <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. 55,546.30
 * 1) <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. 36,599.80 (no residue left on either popsicle stick) ||

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Figure 7: __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Bond Strength of Glue on Wood



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Highest forces on Elmer’s, Epoxy and Super Glue were not breaking points – bonds could not be broken with the apparatus used.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Figure 8: __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Bond Strength of Glues on Bones



__References:**__

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Bhangale, S. M. (n.d.). Epoxy Resins. //Sunil Bhangale//. Retrieved February 2, 2012, from <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Brubaker, C. (2000, June 2). The Chemistry of Superglue. //VOH//. Retrieved February 6, 2012, from <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[]