Ben+and+John

__Lab Project Proposal__ (Source?) || quality control of distilled water pH probe to determine water's pH calcium ion-selective probe to determine calcium hardness || Chemicals Needed || pH probe, calcium ion-selective probe, 0.009M CaCl beaker, graduated cylinder, || Chemicals/Reaction || wear goggles, wear gloves, Diffuse gas of Bunsen Burner before attempting to light it again ||
 * Project Topic: || Water Purification ||
 * Chemistry Concept: || stoichiometry and thermochemistry ||
 * Hypothesis: || If bottle water will be compared with tap water, then the bottled water will contain less contaminants than the tap water. ||
 * Journal Article: || [] ||
 * Lab Procedure:
 * Apparatus &
 * Safety Information:
 * Other Information: ||  ||

__Abstract __

Keywords: water, pH, hardness, chemistry, stoichiometry, biochemistry, bottled water, calcium, calcium intake, calcium bioavailability, Aquafina, AquaPinna, Chippewa
 * **PH AND HARDNESS IN BOTTLED WATER. Ben Oppenheimer. John Fauver.** The purpose of this lab is to determine the pH and calcium hardness of three brands of bottled water. A calcium-ion selective probe and a pH probe will collect data from the different samples which will be transferred onto a scientific computer software which will collect the data for one minute. To prepare the calcium-ion probe, it was soaked in high calcium carbonate solution at 100mg/L and calibrated, then it was put into a low calcium carbonate solution at 10mg/L and calibrated to make the readings more accurate. Two trials were conducted with a pH buffer solution and distilled water, which both had ideal yields. The pH and hardness trials with the most accurate readings were compared in a graph to see if there was any visible correlation between the properties. Then the water brands were determined for the best quality. It was determined that water which originated from carbonate rich sources had a higher calcium intake. This experiment could be used for medical professionals giving patients advice on their drinking waters and health-conscious consumers looking for the healthiest water source. ||

__Materials:__Chippewa Spring Water, AcquaPinna, and Aquafina bottled waters, pH probe, calcium ion-selective probe. 0.009M CaCl2 solution, 0.0001M of CaCl2 solution

__Journal Articles__

Azoulay, A., Garzon, P., & Eisenberg, M. J. (2001). Comparison of the Mineral Content of Tap Water and Bottled Waters. //JGIM: Journal Of General Internal Medicine//, //16//(3), 168. Zumdahl S, Zumdahl S, S.L., & DeCoste D.J. (2007). //World of Chemistry//. Evanston, IL: McDOugal Little. [|http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=906300] [|http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/7-ph.htm] [] [|http://www.aquafina.com/help.php#minium3] [] [|http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/kunming/carbonates.html] [] [] [|http://www.acquapanna.com/int/en/main/the_water/mineral_water/the_source/default.aspx] [|http://www.watersystemscouncil.org/VAiWebDocs/WSCDocs/9709284pH_Update_September_2007.pdf] [] [] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"><span class="wiki_link_ext">Recording:

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