Soap+Making+and+Neutralization

=Soap Making (Saponification) and Neutralization=

 Neutralized || High level of suds seen, Soap not completely dissolved in water. || (Crude) || 9.5 || Not Neutralized || No Suds were present, soap not dissolved. || (Crude) || 9.0 || Not Neutralized || Some suds formed when shaken, when not shaken no suds formed. Water was foggy. || (Crude) || 9.0 || Not Neutralized || Didn’t make suds Water was foggy. ||
 * Shortening:** Crude and Neutralized Soaps ...... **Castor Oil:** Crude and Neutralized Soaps ......... **Lard:** Crude and Neutralized Soaps
 * Data Table:**
 * **Soap Type ** || **pH level ** || **Neutralized ** || **Observations ** ||
 * Shortening || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">7.5 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Mostly
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Shortening
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Castor Oil || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">8.0 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Somewhat Neutralized || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Solution is foggy, very little suds, Soap not dissolved. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Castor Oil
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Lard || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">7.0 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Neutralized || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Some suds visible, Soap not dissolved. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Lard
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Generic Soap || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">7.0 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Neutralized || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Didn’t make suds ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">**Results:** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The results above were obtained by testing the pH level using pH paper of the neutralized and crude types of all three soaps. The color of the pH paper was then related back to the pH paper level key on the pH paper tube. A pH level of 7.0 indicates a fully neutralized substance and a greater than 7.0 pH level shows a substance which is not neutralized. Each of the soaps were made from three different types of triglyceride, they were shortening, castor oil, and lard. From these three types of soap there were crude soaps which had not gone through the neutralization process, and the neutralized soaps which had gone through the process. Results on the soaps were recorded in three areas, pH level, if the pH level had indicated the soap was neutralized or not, and observations of the soap and water in a test tube after being shaken. One area that was unexpected was the fact that the professional made generic soap when tested in the test tube with water, it failed to make suds.

Rice Bran Oil which is a main component in this lab has the benefit of lowering LDL cholesterol in human’s, but the problem with Rice Bran oil with the use of this oil is that high amounts of free fatty acid give off flavor. The main objective was to find a process to remove the majority of the Free Fatty acid from the Rice Bran Oil. Some of the problems that have been run into in the past while attempting to remove Free Fatty acids are neutral oil losses, and during the process of neutralizing the Oil, there is a significant amount effluent from the chemical refining of the oil. The processes used before but proved problematic were solvent extraction, steam distillation, alkali neutralization of miscella and reesterfying back to glycerides with the help of glycerol. In order to avoid said problems non-conventional methods must be tested.
 * Summary of Journal:**


 * Citation: Sibban Singh and R.P. Singh, “Deacidification of High Free Fatty Acid-Containing Rice Bran Oil by Non-conventional Reesterification Process”, J. Oleo Sci., Vol. 58, 53-56 (2009) . **

The purpose of this experiment was to make and then test soaps made out of different triglycerides in order to determine which triglyceride made the most useable and safest soap. The experiment has three parts to it. The first step was the actually production of the soap through the process of saponification, in which shortening, lard, castor oil, and coconut oil were used as the triglycerides. Secondly the newly formed soaps were neutralized through the neutralization process, where the soaps were soaked in a saturated NaOH solution. Finally the soaps were tested using a suds test and by checking the pH level of the soaps which were neutralized and the crude versions. The results of these tests proved the hypothesis correct in stating that the lard soap would be the safest and most useable by having a neutral pH level of 7.0 and in the suds observations it demonstrated a median level of suds. In the end the finally applications of the experiment showed that thicker consistency triglycerides work better to create useable soaps than oil triglycerides such as the castor and coconut oils used in the experiment. Keywords: Saponification, Neutralization, Triglycerides, lard, shortening, oil, crude soap, neutralized soap.
 * Abstract:**
 * SAPONIFICATION AND NEUTRALIZATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES**. **Conor**.